Most organic farmers rely on multiple tactics for their weed management. Ecological weed management promotes weed suppression, rather than weed elimination by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds. Specific methods include crop rotations, selected production practices and mechanical contols. From Iowa State University, PM 1883.

Cultural, mechanical and biological control of weeds. The Organic Vegetable Production in California Series is made up of publications written by Farm Advisors and Specialists from the University of California’s Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Publication #7250 (5p.)

The Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems (SAFS) Project was established in 1988 to study agronomic, economic and biological aspects of conventional and alternative farming systems in California's Sacramento Valley. The study consists of 4 treatment systems: organic, low-input, conventional-4 year rotation (conv-4), and conventional-2 year rotation (conv-2) which differ primarily in crop rotation and use of external inputs.

"Truly satisfactory solutions to pest problems will require a shift to understanding and promoting naturally ocurring biological agents and other inherent strengths as components of total agricultural ecosystems and designing our cropping systems." From 1997 National Academy of Sciences proceedings.

University of Vermont Extension factsheet with recommended mechanical, cultural and biological control measures for weed management.